Democracy
& Nature, Vol. 5,
No. 3
The
Politics of Social Ecology: Beyond the Limits of the City
John
Clark
Abstract/Conclusions
The
questions raised here about libertarian municipalism point toward the need for
diverse, many-dimensional experiments in democratic processes, and to the fact
that many of the preconditions for a free and democratic culture lie in areas
beyond the scope of what is usually called "democracy." Communes,
co-operatives and collectives are sometimes dismissed by Bookchin as
"marginal projects" that cannot challenge the dominant system. And
indeed, this has often been true (though the weakness of the economic
collectives in the Spanish Revolution, to mention an important counterexample,
was hardly that they were marginal or
non-challenging). However, it
is questionable whether there is convincing evidence
―or indeed any evidence
at all― that they have less potential for liberatory transformation than do
municipal or neighbourhood assemblies or other municipalist proposals.
An eco-communitarianism that claims the legacy of anarchism will eschew
any narrowly-defined programs, whether they make municipalism, self-management,
co-operatives, communalism or any other approach the privileged path to social
transformation. On the other hand,
it will see all experiments in any of these areas as a valuable step toward
discovering the way to a free, ecological society.
Proposals
for fundamentally restructuring society through local assemblies (and also
citizens' committees) have great merit, and should be a central part of a left
Green, social ecological or eco-communitarian politics.
But we must consider that these reforms are unlikely to become the
dominant political processes in the near future. Unfortunately, partial adoption of such proposals (in the
form of virtually powerless neighbourhood assemblies and "town
meetings," or citizens' committees with little authority) may even serve to
deflect energy or diffuse demands for more basic cultural and personal changes.
On the other hand, major cultural advances can be immediately instituted
through the establishment of affinity groups, small communities,
internally-democratic movements for change, and co-operative endeavours of many
kinds. Advocates of radical
democracy can do no greater service to their cause than to demonstrate the value
of democratic processes in their own self-organisation.
Without imaginative and inspiring examples of the practice of mutualistic
democracy by the radical democrats themselves, calls for "municipalism,"
"demarchy" or any other form of participatory democracy will have a
hollow ring.
To
paraphrase Thoreau, social ecologists, radical democrats and eco-communitarians
must cast their "whole vote," right now, by embodying their ideals in
immediate (though perhaps not unmediated) social creativity.
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